Lahore Institute for Research and Analysis Journal
Chief Editor: Dr. Syed Raghab Ali ISSN: 3007-2700 (P) 3007-2719 (E) Frequency: Annual HEC Recognized: Y Category
Pakistan’s Chair of SCO-CHS: An Opportunity for Pakistan
Pakistan's forthcoming leadership role within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)– including chairing the Council of Heads of Government, the meetings of Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure, and eventually the Council of Heads of State (CHS)– presents tremendous opportunities to further its strategic and economic goals. By leveraging the principles of Regionalism and Regional Cooperation, Pakistan can advance regional integration through economic connectivity, counter-terrorism collaboration, infrastructure development, and cultural exchanges. This paper evaluates Pakistan's achievements and missed opportunities during its CHG chairmanship 2024 and outlines a roadmap for maximizing the potential of its future roles. Particular emphasis is placed on enhancing trade through Special Economic Zones, promoting regional energy projects, advancing counter-terrorism strategies through the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure, and fostering climate change cooperation under the SCO's framework. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations to ensure Pakistan strengthens its position as a key player in the SCO, contributing to regional stability and global diplomacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lahore Institute for Research and Analysis Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Visualizing Heritage: Culturally Accurate Storytelling in Pakistani Mythology and Folklore
The research recognizes the power of visuals and imagery in storytelling and acknowledges the importance of cultural accuracy in portraying mythological and folkloric elements. By employing culturally appropriate visuals, this research seeks to foster a stronger connection and familiarity between artists, storytellers, and their audience, ultimately reinforcing cultural identity and shared values in Pakistan. Secondary data collection methods, including the study of books, publications, online forums, and articles, have been utilized to gather a wealth of information. This data serves as a foundation for the creation of culturally significant characters and informs the overall design process. By leveraging these visuals in creative industries, the project highlights the potential for economic growth through culturally inspired products and media.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lahore Institute for Research and Analysis Journal
A Delphi Study on Mapping Motivations and Barriers of Pakistan’s Digital Participation in Climate Activism
This study examines the barriers and enablers of digital participation in climate advocacy in Pakistan, a country ranked among the most climate-vulnerable nations globally yet lagging in public engagement with climate action. The research applies the Delphi method within the framework of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to explore how socio-cultural, technological, and structural factors shape digital activism in the context of climate change. Twenty-three experts from fields as diverse as climate advocacy, digital communication, sociology, and cultural studies were brought together in a three-round iterative process to reach consensus on the key barriers and strategies. The findings include major barriers such as low awareness, socio-economic priorities overshadowing environmental concerns, limited internet access, and algorithmic biases that reduce the visibility of climate content. Identified enablers are religious and cultural framing, localized storytelling, and influencer-led campaigns to mobilize diverse audiences. Non-human actors, such as algorithms on social media, were found to play a very critical role in shaping the effectiveness of digital advocacy networks. The research integrates insights from experts and offers actionable recommendations for enhancing digital climate engagement, including targeted policy interventions and culturally resonant advocacy strategies. This article contributes to the growing body of literature on digital activism in the Global South and supports pathways toward strengthening Pakistan's climate movement.
Cyber Sovereignty: National Security in the Digital Age
In an era of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats, cyber sovereignty has become the latest fad as states seek to assert control over their digital domains. This paper explores how each of these leading nations is navigating the complex landscape of cyber sovereignty to safeguard national security, including China, Russia, the United States, and the European Union. States like China and Russia, with strict cyber regulations, have managed to curb data flows, track Internet activities, and cap foreign influence through the sovereignty of cyberspace as a tool of state surveillance and censorship. However, such actions are difficult to do, especially in democratic countries, in presence of European Union's GDPR and the US CLOUD Act. This paper investigates the ethical implications resulting from the domination of a state over cyberspace, especially in authoritarian regimes. It discusses the economic impact of local laws which limits international trade and digital innovation. Fragmentation in the digital space is already leading to warnings about the future of an open internet at a time when more nations are promoting sovereignty over cooperation. An international cooperation, international norms on cyber, and a public-private partnership to enhance the resilience of cybersecurity would be good ways forward in addressing the challenges and gaps identified above. It is argued that national security, global digital cooperation, and individual rights should be balanced in such a way that cyberspace should be safe yet open for everybody.
Decoding Media Motivation: Exploring the News Consumption Patterns of Pakistan’s Media Academics
This study investigates the relationship between media functions and audience gratifications sought by media academics in Pakistan, with a focus on understanding how various functions of the news media influence the preferences and motivations of academics in their consumption of media content. The study is grounded in the uses and gratifications theory, which posits that individuals actively seek out media content to fulfill specific needs and gratifications. While this theory has been widely studied in the context of general audiences, there is a notable gap in research regarding its application to media academics, who possess specialized knowledge of media processes and theories. By addressing this gap, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how media functions shape the information-seeking behaviors, social interactions, emotional responses, and mobilization efforts of media academics. Additionally, the study seeks to provide insights into the preferences and motivations of media academics regarding their consumption of news media content. The study employs survey method. The questionnaire is designed to assess media functions and audience gratifications through a series of structured questions and Likert-scale ratings. Preliminary findings reveal significant correlations between specific media functions, such as information dissemination, socialization, sensationalism, and mobilization, and audience gratifications sought by media academics. For example, academics who consume news media for informational purposes may seek gratifications related to staying informed, while those who consume media for socialization purposes may seek gratifications related to social interaction and connection. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between media functions and audience gratifications within the context of media academia in Pakistan. The findings have implications for media practitioners, educators, and policymakers, highlighting the importance of considering audience motivations and preferences in media content production and dissemination.
Media functions, audience gratifications, media academics, news media, Pakistan
From Strategy to Tactics: Conceptualizing Weaponization of Digital Media Platforms across Levels of Warfare
The exponential proliferation of digital media platforms has reshaped the nature and character of modern warfare, establishing novel challenges in the Information Environment. The weaponization of social media platforms have intensified the ‘fog of war’ as the very concept of it lacks clarity. This paper conceptualizes the weaponization of digital media platforms in four levels of warfare- strategic, operational, tactical, and intelligence level. The paper is based on existing literature and case studies. At strategic level, digital media is used by adversaries to create offensive narratives with long-term strategic objectives. Whereas, adversaries use digital media platforms to carry out targeted ‘Influence Operations’ to achieve cognitive objectives. This is manifested in social and psychological fragmentation of society. At tactical level, digital media trends and tactics help proliferate real-time PsyOps (Psychological Operations). This is done by deploying bots, trolls, and creating trends to permeate disinformation against state and state actors in an Information Environment. While at Intelligence Level, the paper poses various techniques of intelligence collection in the domain of SOCMNIT (Social Media Intelligence). The paper offers insights into complex interplay between fragility of information environment on digital media and cognitive vulnerabilities in the context of contemporary warfare. The four layered framework provides a conceptual foundation for policy makers and strategists to address the pervasive weaponization of digital media platforms in the contemporary fifth-generation warfare.
Information Warfare, Digital Media, Social Media Intelligence, Strategic Communication, Cognitive Security
Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 5 in Punjab: Measurement, Obstacles and Strategies to Overcome the Challenges.
The research paper explores how to accomplish sustainable development goal 5 which pursues gender equality. Punjab Province has been taken as a case study. Women’s access to resources and opportunities is quite limited compared to men worldwide. Likewise, in Pakistan, socio-cultural patterns are more in favor of men than women. Punjab is its largest province in terms of population and is considered more progressive regarding gender-related matters; a vast disparity still exists in all sectors. The primary objective of the researcher is to measure the degree of women empowerment in the province of Punjab, through the application of Gender Empowerment Measures (GEM), restricted by United Nations. The paper adopts a mixed-method research design, and the Case study method to investigate the selected problem. Secondary data was utilized to explore the facts and figures. The paper finds out that women lag far behind men in high-paid economic positions, and political designation. Also, their access to economic opportunities is quite low. Gradual social transformation, women’s effective inclusion in decision-making structures and processes, Education and training, formation of SHG, are prerequisites to accomplish the goal of gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Gender Equality, Women Empowerment, SDG’s 5, GEM, Punjab
India-Pakistan Nuclear race and its Impacts on Regional Security (1998-2022)
India-Pakistan nuclear competition has been a defining element of South Asian geopolitics, influencing regional security dynamics. Using the conceptual frameworks of the balance of power, deterrence, mutual assure destruction and security dilemma, this study focuses on the India-Pakistan nuclear race and its impacts for regional security. The research attempts to give a comprehensive explanation of how the security dilemma and deterrence theory contribute to shaping the region's stability and instability by examining the relationships between these two nuclear powers. It also explores how international institutions and players may mediate and lessen the security implications of this nuclear rivalry. To preserve long-term stability in the South Asian region, the findings highlight the importance of diplomatic efforts to resolve underlying security concerns. The study will analyze the current state of the conflict, including the military capabilities of both countries, their nuclear doctrines, and the existing mechanisms for conflict resolution. It also assesses the potential risks associated with the use of nuclear weapons by either country or the implications of a nuclear conflict for the region. The study will use a descriptive and historical approach, including qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources.
Social Media Use for Health-Related Information and Self-Medication Practices among Youth: Cognitive Dissonance Perspective
This research explores the relationship between social media use for health information and self-medication practices among youth and focuses on the mediating role of knowledge of medicines. By adopting cognitive dissonance theory, specifically this research aims to understand how the extent to which conflicting information from social media influences youth’s beliefs and behaviors regarding self-medication practices. An empirical study was conducted using an online survey method to collect data from 330 students representing youth at the University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan. The descriptive analyses were performed using SPSS, while the effects were examined by Smart PLS software. The statistical results of direct effects show that social media use for health-related information significantly affects self-medication practice and knowledge of medicine risks. However, knowledge of medicine risks does not affect self-medication practices. The indirect effect results indicate that the relationship between variables is not statistically significant. This study concluded that increased use of social media among youth is associated with greater knowledge of medicine and more self-medication practices. However, knowledge of medicine risks does not impact their self-medication practices, because the degree of dissonance (importance and ratio) is low regarding knowledge of medicine risks compared to self-medication practices, indicating no inconsistency between their beliefs and behaviors. The research also provided valuable recommendations for health policymakers, media health communicators, and social media users, to address self-medication practices.
The Role of Social Media in Raising Awareness About Government Initiatives for Smog Mitigation
The aggravation of smog pollution in Lahore, Pakistan, presents a critical challenge to public health and environmental sustainability. Traditional approaches to mitigate smog have yielded limited success, necessitating innovative strategies. Pakistan, ranked fifth among the most affected countries by climate change, contributes only 0.3% of global emissions yet suffers disproportionately from climate adversities, including severe smog conditions. Lahore has consistently topped the list of the world's most polluted cities in 2021, 2022, and 2023.This research investigates the role of social media in fostering awareness of government initiatives aimed at smog mitigation among youth aged 18-24 in Lahore. Using a purposive sampling technique targeting 200 social media users, a quantitative research design and survey method were employed. The study integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) to understand how social media shapes perceptions concerning smog mitigation initiatives. The findings reveal that frequent social media use explains 18.8% of the variation in awareness and significantly influences youth perceptions (58.4%) towards combating smog, with higher engagement among men. The hypothesis regarding the significant contribution of social media to creating awareness about government initiatives in smog mitigation campaigns in Lahore is supported. The research highlights social media's crucial role in environmental advocacy and offers insights for policymakers and campaign designers. Future research should include broader demographics, longitudinal studies, and qualitative methods to further explore social media's impact on environmental issues.
Climate change, Smog Mitigation, Lahore, Social Media, Awareness Campaigns, , Government Initiatives
Military-Public Relations: A study of contemporary Information Warfare in Clausewitz Trinity
Contemporary information warfare aims at weakening a state internally. Literature shows that such attacks are targeted at the relationships between and among the elements of Clausewitz’s Trinity i.e. government, military, and public. The study offers military and academic literature to contextualize the dimensions, attacks, and vulnerabilities of COGSEC (Cognitive Security) in the Online Information Environment The present study explores the public discourse on twitter to comprehend military-public relationship in Pakistan in the context of COGSEC (Cognitive Security), the hashtag under study was #PakArmy. The study is a qualitative research and the researcher has carried out discourse analysis by using the Speech Act Theory of Searle (1979) and examined tweets into five categories: Assertive, Commissive, Declarative, Directive and Expressive. The researchers have also mapped vulnerabilities as proposed by Linan Huang and Quanyan Zhu (2023) i.e. Perception, Memory, Attention and Mental Operations. In addition to this, the researchers have categorized the public discourse into favorable, unfavorable, and neutral in the context of military-public relationship of the Clausewitz’s Triangle. The data shows that perception is the most persistent vulnerability in the public discourses. Whereas, the data also poses that public discourse is also dominantly unfavorable towards the relationship-reflecting attacks on the relationship. Furthermore, expressive tweets were found to be in majority. The study has recommended a three phased strategic framework to strengthen Military – Public Relationship. The advised framework poses that aggressors are trying to create a wedge between Military and Public, therefore, at the short term level SOCMINT should be used to encounter such activities. For mid and long term level, perception management as well as narrative warfare must be engaged. Keywords: Cognitive Security, Military – Public Relations, Information Warfare, Online Information Environment, Public Discourse.
Cognitive Security, Military – Public Relations, Information Warfare, Online Information Environment, Public Discourse.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lahore Institute for Research and Analysis
Effects of Social Media on Students' Education
Social networking has changed the global village drastically, all ages of people are using it, and networking has changed the global village drastically, all ages of people are using it which is surprising. It has evolved into a kind of platform where people create content, learn about new technologies, and develop intellectual skills. Social media usage has become a common international trend and has spread its reach to massive audiences. Among the prominent users of social media are students. This research investigates the effects of social media on students’ education at the Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab. The study was guided by two research questions. A quantitative survey design method was used. The population used as a sample were students at the Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab. 100 students were chosen from respective departments as respondents using convenient sampling. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Studies showed that there are both positive and negative effects of using social media. Almost 70% of respondents agreed to the fact that social media improves learning, assists in making academic assignments, and informs about innovations. A lot of respondents also agreed that unethical posts and advertisements distract them from their studies and interrupt their focus. This study suggests that students must learn to use social media more responsibly and should not use it unnecessarily. Also, ad blocker applications can be used to prevent distraction. Keywords: Social media, education, academic performance, new technologies, learning
Socio-economic Cooperation between Pakistan and Central Asia: A Potential for Regional Prosperity
A region of significant historical in nature, cultural, and geopolitical significance is Central Asia. It is a fascinating and active region of the world because of its advantageous position, historic civilizations, abundant natural resources, and different cultures. Central Asia is positioned to become more significant on the international scene as long as it keeps developing and seizing new chances. Pakistan has been enhancing its ties with Central Asian nations in recent times by means of high-level trips, cultural exchanges, joint ventures, and economic forums. Extending economic cooperation, fostering regional stability, improving people-to-people ties, and capitalizing on its advantageous location as an intermediate point between South Asia as well as Central Asia are among Pakistan's foreign policy goals in the region. The paper narrates the significance of socio-economic cooperation among the Central Asian Republics and Pakistan to secure the interests of Pakistan in the region and at the same time analyses various economic, defense and geo-strategic factors that have shaped Pakistan’s policy towards Central Asia. The secondary source data have been used to conduct the paper which portrays current geopolitics in Central Asia as an impediment and Afghanistan as bottleneck in Pakistan’s access to Central Asia. Keywords: Pakistan, Central Asia, Post-Soviet era, Joint projects, Cooperation, Foreign policy, Interest, Strategic resources, Stability
Voting Trends:A case study of 2008 Elections in Pakistan
This research study aims to analyze the voting trends in Pakistan during the 2008 General elections. The 2008 General elections were significant as they marked a transition from military rule to civilian governance in the country. This case study focuses on understanding the factors that influenced voter behavior and shaped the electoral outcomes. However, the research methodology employed for this study includes a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data from official election records, and surveys with voters was analyzed to gain insights into the voting patterns and trends. The study examines various factors that influenced voter behavior, such as political party affiliations, candidate profiles, socio-economic factors, regional dynamics, and issues of national importance. Additionally, it explores the impact of media coverage and political campaigns on voter decision-making. The findings of this research contributes to a better understanding of the democratic process in Pakistan and provide insights into the factors that shape voting trends. The results can be used by policymakers, political parties, and researchers to develop strategies for effective political campaigning and voter engagement. Keywords: Voting trends, Pakistan, 2008 General elections, voter behavior, political party affiliations, candidate profiles, socio-economic factors, regional dynamics, media coverage
The Reason of mistrust between Centre and the Province: A case of Baluchistan
This research examines the phenomenon of underdevelopment of Baluchistan from 2008 to 2013 also focuses on the part of the Baluchistan conflict and covers the historical aspects that intensified the violence in Baluchistan. The objective of this study is to inquire that despite its significance Baluchistan faced severe discrimination people have been demanding their due share since its accession in 1948. This qualitative study also observes the decisions made by the central government for the people of Baluchistan and their resentment against the central government. It possibly infers that maximum provincial autonomy would contribute to satisfying the local people. Keywords: Baluchistan, deprivation, Nawab Akber Bugti, Punjab, Pervez Musharaf
Pakistan’s Energy Security and regional alternatives: Case study of IP and TAPI
The study aims to highlight the problem of energy insecurity in Pakistan. The country has been facing an issue of severe power emergency since a decade and no segment of society is unaffected by this. By stressing the energy blend and the contribution of different energy assets, the study aims to look at different alternatives opted and underline institutional vision of Pakistan to beat the catastrophe of energy. Firstly, diverse native projects initiated by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has touched upon and then the study proposes to score the importance of much deferred gas pipeline projects Iran-Pakistan (IP) and Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and figure out whether the issue of energy insecurity can be dealt with them or not. Keywords: Pakistan, Pipelines, Energy Security, IP, CPEC, TAPI
The Media-Policy Nexus: Analyzing the Media’s role in Policy Formation in Pakistan
Mass media plays an integral role in policy formulation, acting as a key influencer in the initial stages of the policy development by highlighting issues that attract the attention of politicians and policy makers. However, media’s role extends beyond this preliminary phase of agenda setting, affecting the policy process in various ways. This study investigates the interplay between media narratives and policy development processes. It seeks to address expert opinion on the development of a framework which would encourage opinion from the public sphere in the legislative and policy procedures. By utilizing qualitative methodology and gathering data from 10 in-depth interviews, this study investigates how media influences policy decisions and its contribution to policy development and implementation. Additionally, it examines the media’s watch dog function in policy formulation, assessing its impartiality, probing weather media outlets operate in an unbiased manner. It also investigates how media, both social and traditional, set their agendas and their impact on policy making. The findings show the imperative impact of social media on problem identification which led to development of numerous policies in the recent period. On the contrary, the conventional role of traditional media is increasingly perceived as manipulative due to their own political agendas. The research suggests that public engagement can be thoroughly reflected on policy formulation if social media is institutionalized in its information dissemination. This study contributes to the discourse on media influence in public policy, offering insights into the potential of social media as a transformative tool in policy development and public participation. Keywords: Public Policy, social media, traditional Media, Policy formation, public participation
PML-Q IN PUNJAB: PERVAIZ ILLAHI’S POLITICAL LANDSCAPE (2002-2007)
Political parties are the integral part of the political system and provides direction for the political development of any country. This study laid emphasize on the working of PMLQ in Punjab. For this purpose, the descriptive and analytical research method was carried up. The focus of the study is to appraise the role and functions of PMLQ, the concept of political development, and the role of PMLQ in the developmental projects of Punjab (Pakistan). Chaudhry Pervaiz Illahi's leadership as Chief Minister led the provincial government in implementing various projects and policies aimed at improving infrastructure, education, and healthcare. The PML-Q's time in power in Punjab represented a chapter in the province's political history, characterized by both achievements and controversies. It ultimately came to an end with the general elections in 2008 when a new political coalition assumed control.
Political party, Political development, Developmental projects, Provincial government, Elections, Ministry.
Revisiting Democracy in Pakistan: An Analysis through Gabriel Almond's Political Model
This study employs Almond's Political System Model to provide a critical analysis of Pakistan's present democratic situation. By analyzing the core elements of this framework - political culture, political structure, input, conversion, and output - we aim to gain a deeper insight into the challenges and possibilities that Pakistani democracy encounters. Through the lens of Almond's model, we explore the impact of Pakistan's political culture on its democratic institutions, behaviors, and outcomes, using real-world examples to illustrate the complexity and subtleties of the country's democratic journey. Grasping these factors is essential for constructing a robust and enduring democratic system in Pakistan that caters to the diverse needs of its population as it navigates through its democratic transition. Almond suggests that various entities, such as political parties, legislative bodies, educational systems, religious institutions, and civil society organizations, contribute to Pakistan's democratic processes. They serve as platforms for political socialization, expressing interests, and bringing them together. These factors exert a significant influence on the complex dynamics of Pakistan's democratic governance.
Gabriel Almond Model, Political Systems and Culture in Pakistan
Assessing Reservoir Potential: A Study of Petroleum Deposits in Pakistan
The world powers are tempted towards the rich reservoirs of natural resources in Pakistan. These natural resources take millions of years to form. The oil and gas exploration started in the world in 1840. The history of exploration on the Pakistani territory is older than Pakistan itself, it’s more than a century. Exploration in Pakistan had been started in late 1952 in Baluchistan near a giant Sui gas field. Geographically the land area of Pakistan is divided into six sedimentary basins having oil reservoirs underneath called onshore Basins. The sea area falling in the territorial jurisdiction of Pakistan is divided into two offshore sedimentary basins. The basins’ location, its potential for oil and gas reservoirs along with significant drilling activity is discussed one by one. The requirements of oil and gas in Pakistan along with the production and consumption of oil & gas are also discussed briefly. Future projects and prospects for easy Exploration & Production (E&P) in Pakistan. The strategic impact of Economic and Foreign policies in the region and influence of CPEC on natural resources are also mentioned. The prevailing security condition of the Country viz-a-viz lack of machinery and skills are also the major reason of unexplored natural resources. The latest policy in reduction of unnecessary steps required for getting approval to start drilling activities in potential areas is a sign of improvement in exploration and production. Strict adherence to policies and merit-based deployments are required for professionalism and eradication of corruption. Keywords: Natural resources, Pakistan, Baluchistan, Exploration and production, CPEC, territorial jurisdiction, oil, gas, professionalism, eradication, corruption, economic and foreign policy
Gold Resources in Pakistan: A content analysis of a case of Reko Diq Mine
Pakistan's economy suffered greatly because of the Riko Dig project's cancelation, which also exposed serious weaknesses in the administrative and regulatory frameworks governing the mining sector. Despite the immediate demise of a sizeable foreign investment, the incident revealed a lack of accountability and openness in the decision-making procedures, undermining potential investments in the industry and undermining confidence in potential foreign investors. In addition, the project's cancellation harmed the local economy, especially in the province of Baluchistan, where there was a lost chance to boost the economy and create jobs. The proposal promised to boost wealth in the area and create thousands of employments. The local communities were let down, compounding the economic inequality in the area, as they had expected a portion of the project's revenues. The legal standing of gold mining operations in Pakistan raises environmental concerns in addition to economic ones. Degradation of the environment in areas affected by mining has been facilitated by the lack of strong rules and efficient monitoring systems. The possible effects of the Riko Digging project on the environment, including as the depletion of water resources and pollutants from mining operations, have drawn criticism. This emphasizes how urgently we need a robust legal framework that protects the environment and ensures a balance between growth and ecological preservation while also facilitating economic progress. Keywords: Pakistan, Geographic, Gold, Complex, Reserves, Deficiency, Mining technology, Gilgit-Baltistan, Significance
Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations: A Security Perspective from 1999 to 2023
Pakistan and Afghanistan experienced a complex and dynamic relationship from October 1999 to March 2013, shaped by global phenomena including US-Led war on terror and the emergence of Taliban. Though there were instances where the two nations; Pakistan and Afghanistan, collaborated, they often distrusted and accused each other. Despite some period of understanding and working together, both countries had a difficult relationship, often caused by doubt and blame. Nevertheless, they have common past and related societies. This makes it important that they collaborate more closely for the sake of peace and development in the region. Therefore, this study aims at looking into the factors that have steered relations of both countries over a particular period, choosing to zero in on major occurrences and developments that have impacted these relations. In order to achieve this goal, an extensive literature review was carried out in order to gain an in-depth analysis of the close tie between Pakistan and Afghanistan during the specified duration. Keywords: Pakistan-Afghanistan, Security, Regional Stability, Cooperation